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This report clarifies the present and future CO2 reduction efforts of the European Union. With the aim of realizing a low carbon society on a global scale, the EU's programs are advanced and superior, serving to create an environment business market and a business opportunity.
Introduction
It is said that the 21st century is an environmental century, and industry has already entered the development stage for environmental business. Compared with other advanced countries, the EU in particular is committed to the idea that "anti-warming measures are a business chance." For example, during the period from 2006-2010, employment will increase by 49% in the solar energy sector in Germany, and a 74% increase is expected in the geothermal energy sector. The U.K., too, has expressed its commitment to increasing the reduction target of its greenhouse gas emissions.
The U.S.A. pledges comprehensive alternative energy development that President-elect Barack Obama has indicated will include CO2 reductions and an anticipated annual expenditure of 150 billion dollars over the next 10 years. Democratic Party members of the lower House of Representatives have already announced ambitious "greenhouse gas reduction legislation." In addition, CO2 trading has begun, with ten states in the U.S. Northeast, including New York, taking steps to strengthen warming measures ahead of the federal government.
In Japan, a drastic plan from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry will lead to further energy savings and reduction of CO2, since the Industrial Revitalization Law has added a tax incentive plan. Furthermore, details of the CO2 trading scheme are being decided and recruitment of companies to participate in the trading has begun.
Among the advanced countries, where each country activates its own green policy, a challenge is emerging and the EU is ahead in establishing superior measures for a low carbon society. Activation and reinforcement of the environmental business in EU is a strategy aimed at global economic benefit.
This report will describe the following:
-The action of each country in the EU for CO2 discharge reduction
-The present conditions and the future of renewable energy
-Reduction targets and treatment measures at the national level
-The reduction activities of major companies, according to industry
-A prediction about the business opportunity in the environmental business market
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1. Overview of EU Emission of CO2
1.1 Current European Emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) by Industry
Table 1-1: CO2 Emissions by Sector in 2005 (million tons of CO2)
Figure 1-1: Current Total EU COs Emissions by Sector
Table 1-2: Current Total EU COs Emissions by Sector Highlighting EU ETS Sectors
Table 1-3: Past and Current Levels by Sector CO2 Emissions in Europe (million tons)
1.2 Emissions of CO2 by Country in EU
Table 1-4: CO2 Emissions by Country in 1990 and 2006(million tons)
1.3 Targeted Level in Future by Country
Table 1-5: Individual Country's CO2 Emissions Progress on Kyoto Target
Table 1-6: Country-by-Country Emissions of CO2 (excluding carbon sinks) compared with
Kyoto targets 1990 to 2006
2. EU Government Action for Goal of Reduction CO2: Current and New Regulations
2.1 Quick Overview of The EU Government Actions
Table 2-1: Quick Overview
2.1.1 Current Regulation
Table 2-2: Current Directives
2.1.2 New Regulation and Impact
Table 2-3: New regulations and directives
3. European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS)
3.1 The EU Trading Scheme
3.1.1 Phase I
3.1.2 Phase II
Figure 3-1: Phase II EU ETS Allocations for CO2 Emissions By Country and
By Industry Sector Source: Set at Work (final report)
Table 3-1: Country-by-Country EU ETS National Allocation Plans (Annual Emissions)
3.1.3 Phase III
Figure 3-2: Emission Reductions Proposed for Phase III post Kyoto
4. Renewable Energies
4.1 Biofuels
4.2 Fuel Cells
Table 4-2: Biofuels Status and Indicative Potential
Figure 4-1: Fuel Cells Status and Indicative Potential
4.3 Hydropower
Table 4-3: Large Hydropower Generation Status and Potential
4.4 Geothermal
Table 4-4: Geothermal Status and Potential
4.5 Ocean Energy
Table 4-5: Ocean Wave Power Status and Indicative Potential
4.6 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Table 4-6: CHP Status and Potential
4.7 Solar Thermal Power
Table 4-7: Solar Thermal Status and Potential
4.8 Solar PV
Table 4-8: Solar PV Status and Potential
Table 4-9: Annual Photovoltaic Installations, Select Countries in MW (2000-2007)
4.9 Wind Power
Table 4-10: Forecast Wind Power Status and Indicative Potential
Table 4-11: Wind Power Capacity Additions in 2007, Top 10 Countries
Table 4-12: Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity by Selected Country
and World, 1980-2007
4.10 Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Generation
Table 4-13: Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Status and Potential
4.11 Related Government Incentive Programs
Table 4-14: Market Forecast EU 27 and Incentive Assessment by Segment
5. Major Country Profiles: national Targets and Incentives
5.1 National Targets by Country
5.1.1 France
Table 5-1: Government Incentives and Measures: France
Table 5-2: France CO2 Facts
5.1.2 Germany
Table 5-3: Government Incentives and Measures: Germany
Figure 5-1: Renewable Energy in Germany 1990-2006
Table 5-4: Germany CO2 Facts
5.1.3 UK
Table 5-5: Government Incentives and Measures: UK
Table 5-6: United Kingdom CO2 Facts
5.1.4 Italy
Table 5-7: Government Incentives and Measures: Italy
Table 5-8: Italy CO2 Facts
5.1.5 Denmark
Table 5-9: Government Incentives and Measures: Denmark
Table 5-10: Denmark CO2 Facts
5.2 National Environmental Tax Regimes
Figure 5-2: All EU Countries have "Green" Taxes
Figure 5-3: European level of "green" taxes is at least twice the US level
5.3 EU Research Supporting Low Carbon Society
Table 5-11: Table Name of Program, Incentives and Implementation
5.4 Example of EU funded research project to reduce CO2 emissions
Table 5-12: Project Detail
6. EU Companies Activities for CO2 Reductions (Case studies)
6.1 Current Big Contributors for CO2 Reductions
Table 6-1: Company, Technology and How to Reduce
6.2 Company Activities for CO2 Reductions
6.2.1 Major Energy Utility Companies Electrabel
ENEL
Nv NUON
Figure 6-1: CCS Timeline for NUON projects
EDF
Vattenfall
E.ON
Figure 6-2: E.ON's Fossil Fuel Roadmap
RWE
Figure 6-3: RWE Group's CO2 Reduction Strategy Overview
Figure 6-4: RWE Vision for Fuel Mix by 2020
Iberdrola
6.2.2 Major Oil and Gas Industry Players
Repsol YPF
BP
Royal Dutch Shell
Total SA
6.2.3 Major Coal Producers
Xstrata
Anglo American
6.2.4 Major Steel Comapny
ArcelorMittal
ThyssenKrupp
6.2.5 Major Paper/Pulp Company
International Paper
SCA
6.2.6 Major Chemical Company
Rhodia
BASF
Dupont
6.2.7 Major Drug/Pharmaceutical Company
6.2.8 Major Glass Product Company
St Gobain
Pilkington
6.2.9 Major Cement Company
Holcim
LaFarge
6.2.10 Automobile Manufacturers
PSA Peugeot Citroen SA
Daimler
Renault
Fiat Group
7 Outlook 2008 to 2020: Market & Business Opportunities
7.1EU Directions
7.2 EU Forecasts
7.3 Market Forecasts & Business Opportunity
7.3.1 Renewable Energy
7.3.1.1 Biofuel Market Forecast
Table 7-1: European Biofuels Market Forecast (Euros million) 2007-2015 & 2020
Market Players from Europe: Biogas/Biodiesel
Market Players from Europe: Biomass
Table 7-2: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.2 Fuel Cells Market
Table 7-3: Selected Fuel Cell Projects in European Market
Table 7-4: Fuel Cell Market Estimated Research, Development
& Demonstration Expenditure (Euros million) 2008-2012
Major Market Players:
Table 7-5: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.3 Hydropower Market Forecast
Table 7-6: European Hydropower Market Forecast (Euros million) 2007-2015 & 2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-7: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.4 Geothermal Market Forecast
Table 7-8: European Geothermal Market Forecast (Euros million)
2007-2015 & 2020
Major Market Players Geothermal Heating
Major Market Players Geothermal Electricity
Table 7-9: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.5 Ocean Energy Market Forecast
Table 7-10: Selected Ocean Energy Projects in European Market
Table 7-11: Ocean Energy Estimated Research, Development
& Demonstration Expenditure (Euros million) 2008-2012
Major Market Players:
Table 7-12: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.6 Combined Heat & Power (CHP) Market Forecast
Table 7-13: European Combined Heat & Power Market Forecast (Euros million)
2007-2015 & 2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-14: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.7 Solar Thermal Power Market Forecast
Table 7-15: Solar Thermal Heat and Power Market Forecast (Euros million)
2007-2015&2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-16: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.8 Solar PV Market Forecast
Table 7-17: Solar PV Market Forecast (Euros million annually)
2007-2015 & 2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-18: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.9 Wind Power Market
Table 7-19: European Wind Power Market Forecast (Euros million)
2007-2015 & 2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-20: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.3.1.10 Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies
Table 7-21: Carbon Capture & Storage Estimated Research, Development
& Demonstration Expenditure (Euros million) 2007-2012
Table 7-22 Selected Large-sized CCS Projects and Funding 2020
Major Market Players:
Table 7-23: Incentive & Government Fund by Country
7.4 Clean-Tech Business Opportunity
Technology/Value Proposition/ Market Sector Impacted and Key Companies
7.4.1 Air Pollution Control
7.4.2 Biofuels
7.4.3 Biopolymers
7.4.4 Carbon Sequestration
7.4.5 Demand response
7.4.6 Environmental remediation
7.4.7 Fuel Cells
7.4.8 Green building technologies
7.4.9 Hydrogen
7.4.10 Solar
7.4.11 Solid-state lighting
7.4.12 Thermoelectrics
7.4.13 Wave/Tidal power
7.4.14 Waste-to-energy
7.4.15 Wind power
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